Case Study/ 3D Ambient Noise Tomography for Goaf Delineation in Pingdingshan Coal Mining Area, China
Oct 14,2026
3D Ambient Noise Tomography for Goaf Delineation in the Pingdingshan Coal Mining Area, China A high-density 3D ambient noise survey was carried out in Pingdingshan, Henan Province, to delineate underground mine structures and assess subsurface stability within the coal mining environment.
Survey Configuration Survey Area: 6.76 square kilometers
Array Geometry: Regular 50 m × 50 m grid
Instruments: 620 three-component nodal seismometers (UGL-3C)
Recording Duration: 2 hours
Target Depth: ~1000 m
Methodology This study adopted a dense areal array and an ESPAC-based 3D processing workflow:
Simultaneous ambient noise acquisition across the entire survey area
Construction of station-centric multi-radius subarrays to meet depth-dependent resolution requirements
Point-wise dispersion curve extraction using the ESPAC method
Inversion of dispersion data to obtain shear-wave velocity (Vs) profiles
Integration of all inverted profiles into a 3D Vs model
Results and Validation Low-velocity anomalies interpreted as goaf zones show strong spatial consistency with historical mining records and geological data. The recovered coal seam geometry and elevations match existing information closely, verifying the reliability of high-density passive seismic methods for deep mine investigations.
This case study demonstrates the capability of 3D ambient noise tomography to deliver high-resolution subsurface imaging in complex mining environments, offering a non-invasive and efficient tool for hazard assessment and resource management.
Figure 1–2. Layout of dense nodal array over the survey area
Figure 3. Processing workflow and ESPAC-based inversion scheme
Figure 4–5. Final 3D shear-wave velocity model showing low-velocity goaf anomalies
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